Questions
1. A structure brings together a group ofa. items of the same data type.
b. related data items.
c. integers with user-defined names.
d. variables.
Answer: b,d
2. True or false: A structure and a class use similar syntax.
Answer: true
3. The closing brace of a structure is followed by a __________.
Answer: semicolon
4. Write a structure specification that includes three variables—all of type int—called hrs, mins, and secs. Call this structure time.
Answer:
struct time
{
int hrs;
int mins;
int secs;
};
5. True or false: A structure definition creates space in memory for a variable.
Answer:false; only a variable definition creates space in memory
6. When accessing a structure member, the identifier to the left of the dot operator is the name of
a. a structure member.
b. a structure tag.
c. a structure variable.
d. the keyword struct.
Answer:c
Answer:time2.hrs = 11;
8. If you have three variables defined to be of type struct time, and this structure contains
three int members, how many bytes of memory do the variables use together?
Answer:18 in 16-bit systems (3 structures times 3 integers times 2 bytes), or 36 in 32-bit systems
Answer:time time1 = { 11, 10, 59 };
Answer:true
Answer:temp = fido.dogs.paw;
a. items of different data types.
b. related data variables.
c. integers with user-defined names.
d. constant values.
Answer:c
13. Write a statement that declares an enumeration called players with the values B1, B2, SS, B3, RF, CF, LF, P, and C.
Answer:enum players { B1, B2, SS, B3, RF, CF, LF, P, C };
Answer:players joe, tom;
joe = LF;
tom = P;
15. Assuming the statements of Questions 13 and 14, state whether each of the following statements is legal.
a. joe = QB;
b. tom = SS;
c. LF = tom;
d. difference = joe - tom;
Answer:
a. no
b. yes
c. no
d. yes
16. The first three enumerators of an enum type are normally represented by the values _________, _________, and _________.
Answer:0, 1, 2
Answer:enum speeds { obsolete=78, single=45, album=33 };
Answer:because false should be represented by 0
Exercises
1. A phone number, such as (212) 767-8900, can be thought of as having three parts: the area code (212), the exchange (767), and the number (8900). Write a program that uses a structure to store these three parts of a phone number separately. Call the structure phone. Create two structure variables of type phone. Initialize one, and have the user input a number for the other one. Then display both numbers. The interchange might look like this:Enter your area code, exchange, and number: 415 555 1212
My number is (212) 767-8900
Your number is (415) 555-1212
Solution: Question 1
2. A point on the two-dimensional plane can be represented by two numbers: an x coordinate and a y
coordinate. For example, (4,5) represents a point 4 units to the right of the vertical axis, and 5 units up from the horizontal axis. The sum of two points can be defined as a new point whose x coordinate is the sum of the x coordinates of the two points, and whose y coordinate is the sum of the y coordinates. Write a program that uses a structure called point to model a point. Define three points,
and have the user input values to two of them. Then set the third point equal to the sum of the other two, and display the value of the new point. Interaction with the program might look like this:
Enter coordinates for p1: 3 4
Enter coordinates for p2: 5 7
Coordinates of p1+p2 are: 8, 11
Solution: Question 2
3. Create a structure called Volume that uses three variables of type Distance (from the ENGLSTRC example) to model the volume of a room. Initialize a variable of type Volume to specific dimensions, then calculate the volume it represents, and print out the result.To calculate the volume, convert each dimension from a Distance variable to a variable of type float representing feet and fractions of a foot, and then multiply the resulting three numbers.
Solution: Question 3
4. Create a structure called employee that contains two members: an employee number (type int) and the employee’s compensation (in dollars; type float). Ask the user to fill in this data for three employees, store it in three variables of type struct employee, and then display the information for each employee.
5. Create a structure of type date that contains three members: the month, the day of the month, and the year, all of type int. (Or use day-month-year order if you prefer.) Have the user enter a date in the format 12/31/2001, store it in a variable of type struct date, then retrieve the values from the variable and print them out in the same format.
6. We said earlier that C++ I/O statements don’t automatically understand the data types of
enumerations. Instead, the ( >>) and (<<) operators think of such variables simply as integers.
You can overcome this limitation by using switch statements to translate between the user’s way of expressing an enumerated variable and the actual values of the enumerated variable. For example, imagine an enumerated type with values that indicate an employee type within an organization:
enum etype { laborer, secretary, manager, accountant, executive, researcher }; Write a program that first allows the user to specify a type by entering its first letter (‘l’, ‘s’, ‘m’, and so on), then stores the type chosen as a value of a variable of type enum etype, and finally displays the complete word for this type. Enter employee type (first letter only) laborer, secretary, manager, accountant, executive, researcher): a Employee type is accountant. You’ll probably need two switch statements: one for input and one for output.
7. Add a variable of type enum etype (see Exercise 6), and another variable of type struct date (see Exercise 5) to the employee class of Exercise 4. Organize the resulting program so that the user enters four items of information for each of three employees: an employee number, the employee’s compensation, the employee type, and the date of first employment. The program should store this information in three variables of type employee, and then display their contents.
8. Start with the fraction-adding program of Exercise 9 in Chapter 2, “C++ Programming Basics.” This program stores the numerator and denominator of two fractions before adding them, and may also store the answer, which is also a fraction. Modify the program so that all fractions are stored in variables of type struct fraction, whose two members are the fraction’s numerator and denominator (both type int). All fractionrelated data should be stored in structures of this type.
9. Create a structure called time. Its three members, all type int,should be called hours, minutes, and seconds. Write a program that prompts the user to enter a time value in hours, minutes, and seconds. This can be in 12:59:59 format, or each number can be entered at a separate prompt (“Enter hours:”, and so forth). The program should then store the time in a variable of type struct time, and finally print out the total number of seconds represented by this time value: long totalsecs = t1.hours*3600 + t1.minutes*60 + t1.seconds
10. Create a structure called sterling that stores money amounts in the old-style British system discussed in Exercises 8 and 11 in Chapter 3, “Loops and Decisions.” The members could be called pounds, shillings, and pence,all of type int. The program should ask the user to enter a money amount in new-style decimal pounds (type double), convert it to the old-style system, store it in a variable of type struct sterling, and then display this amount in pounds-shillings-pence format.
11. Use the time structure from Exercise 9, and write a program that obtains two time values from the user in 12:59:59 format, stores them in struct time variables, converts each one to seconds (type int), adds these quantities, converts the result back to hoursminutes-seconds, stores the result in a time structure, and finally displays the result in 12:59:59 format.
12. Revise the four-function fraction calculator program of Exercise 12 in Chapter 3 so that each fraction is stored internally as a variable of type struct fraction,as discussed in Exercise 8 in this chapter.
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